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Beyond thyroid dysfunction: the systemic impact of iodine excess.

Aiman Khudair1, Ahmed Khudair1, Sara Anjum Niinuma1

  • 1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|April 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Excessive iodine intake (IE) can harm more than just thyroid health. This review details how excess iodine impacts cardiovascular, nervous, and renal systems, highlighting risks beyond thyroid dysfunction.

Keywords:
iodineiodine excesssystemic healththyroidthyroid hormones

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Toxicology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production, but its excess (IE) is less understood.
  • Sources of IE include diets, supplements, contrast media, and iodized salt.
  • IE is linked to adverse effects on thyroid and systemic health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the adverse systemic health effects of iodine excess (IE).
  • To investigate the impact of IE on cardiovascular, nervous, and renal systems.
  • To raise awareness of the multifaceted consequences of excessive iodine intake.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and consolidation of current research.
  • Analysis of studies investigating iodine's impact beyond the thyroid.
  • Focus on cardiovascular, neurological, and renal effects.

Main Results:

  • IE is associated with autoimmune thyroid diseases, cardiovascular issues (hypertension, atherosclerosis), and thyroid cancer.
  • Excess iodine can cause neurotoxic effects, impairing cognition and development.
  • Potential renal dysfunction is linked to iodine overload, particularly from povidone-iodine.

Conclusions:

  • Excess iodine poses significant risks to cardiovascular, nervous, and renal health.
  • Understanding IE's systemic effects is crucial for public health and clinical practice.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms and scope of IE's adverse impacts.