Alveolar glycocalyces during health and critical illness

The alveolus, the functional unit of the lung, is comprised of closely approximated alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells, across which gas exchange occurs. This alveolar septum also includes two substantial, intraluminal extracellular matrices: the alveolar epithelial and endothelial glycocalyces. This perspective investigates the distinct structures and homeostatic functions of these two glycocalyces, as well as their distinct fates and consequences during critical illnesses such as sepsis and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. We seek to identify key knowledge gaps, with the goal to inspire future mechanistic investigations that may substantially impact human health and disease.