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Infrahumanization theory, a key account of dehumanization, may be flawed. A systematic review reveals that studies often confound uniquely human emotions with prosociality, impacting discrimination research.

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Infrahumanization theory posits that outgroups are dehumanized by denying them uniquely human emotions.
  • Recent critiques suggest a confound where "uniquely human" emotions are also more prosocial than shared emotions.
  • This confound may explain apparent dehumanization as intergroup preference rather than subtle discrimination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the infrahumanization literature and quantify the prevalence of the humanness-prosociality confound.
  • To assess the impact of this methodological issue on social psychological research and understanding of discrimination.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a systematic review of 152 studies on infrahumanization.
  • Extracted emotion terms used in these studies.
  • Collected participant ratings on the perceived humanness and prosociality of these emotion terms.
  • Calculated the percentage of studies confounded by the humanness-prosociality overlap.

Main Results:

  • Across all 152 studies reviewed, 79.6% exhibited the humanness-prosociality confound.
  • In the 10 most cited papers, 95.5% of reported studies were confounded.
  • This indicates a pervasive methodological problem in infrahumanization research.

Conclusions:

  • The prevalence of the humanness-prosociality confound challenges the reliability of existing social psychological data on dehumanization.
  • This methodological issue significantly impacts our understanding of intergroup relations and discrimination.
  • A new, freely accessible tool is introduced to help researchers create rigorously controlled emotion stimulus sets.