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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

84
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
84
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

608
Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
608
One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: General Considerations01:19

One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: General Considerations

118
The one-compartment model is a pharmacokinetic tool that models the body as a single, uniform compartment, facilitating the understanding of drug distribution and elimination. This model is particularly beneficial for intravenous (IV) bolus administration, where the drug rapidly circulates throughout the body.
The drug's presence in the body is defined by an equation representing the difference between the rates of drug entry and exit. Key parameters—elimination rate constant,...
118
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

152
Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
152

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2025

Self-Nanoemulsification of Healthy Oils to Enhance the Solubility of Lipophilic Drugs
08:18

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Propofol: Current Updates, Challenges, and Strategies for Improved Self-Nanoemulsifying Formulation.

Mohsin Kazi1,2, Ali Gaskari3, Ahmad A Shahba2

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.

ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science
|April 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) show promise for improving propofol

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Anesthesiology

Background:

  • Propofol, an intravenous anesthetic, faces challenges including microbial contamination risks and limited bioavailability.
  • Poor water solubility and oral bioavailability restrict propofol's use beyond anesthesia.
  • Current propofol administration requires strict aseptic techniques and poses risks of pathogen transmission.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review propofol's properties and explore self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) for enhanced delivery.
  • To evaluate SNEDDS potential in overcoming propofol's formulation and bioavailability limitations.
  • To discuss SNEDDS-based propofol candidates and non-intravenous administration possibilities.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of propofol's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
  • Analysis of nanotechnology advancements, specifically SNEDDS for hydrophobic drugs.
  • Evaluation of clinical trial data for SNEDDS-based propofol formulations.

Main Results:

  • SNEDDS can significantly enhance the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs like propofol.
  • SNEDDS formulations improve drug solubilization and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Studies indicate a 2- to 3-fold bioavailability increase with SNEDDS compared to conventional methods.

Conclusions:

  • SNEDDS offer a viable strategy to improve propofol's bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness.
  • This approach may enable non-intravenous administration routes for propofol.
  • SNEDDS hold potential for expanding propofol's applications beyond anesthesia.