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Updated: May 11, 2025

Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells
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Analysis of Human T Cell Activity in an Allogeneic Co-Culture Setting of Pre-Treated Tumor Cells

Published on: March 7, 2025

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Immune Modulation and Immunotherapy in Solid Tumors: Mechanisms of Resistance and Potential Therapeutic Strategies

Suman Giri1, Gopal Lamichhane2, Jitendra Pandey3

  • 1Asian College for Advance Studies, Purbanchal University, Satdobato, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|April 17, 2025
PubMed

Understanding the modulation of specific immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) offers new hope in cancer treatments, especially in cancer immunotherapies. In recent years, immune modulation and resistance to immunotherapy have become critical challenges in cancer treatments. However, novel strategies for immune modulation have emerged as promising approaches for oncology due to the vital roles of the immunomodulators in regulating tumor progression and metastasis and modulating immunological responses to standard of care in cancer treatments. With the progress in immuno-oncology, a growing number of novel immunomodulators and mechanisms are being uncovered, offering the potential for enhanced clinical immunotherapy in the near future. Thus, gaining a comprehensive understanding of the broader context is essential. Herein, we particularly summarize the paradoxical role of tumor-related immune cells, focusing on how targeted immune cells and their actions are modulated by immunotherapies to overcome immunotherapeutic resistance in tumor cells. We also highlight the molecular mechanisms employed by tumors to evade the long-term effects of immunotherapeutic agents, rendering them ineffective.

Keywords:
emerging strategiesimmune cellsimmune modulationimmunotherapytherapeutic outcomestherapeutic resistancetumor microenvironment

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