Bypassing Evolution of Bacterial Resistance to Phages: The Example of Hyper-Aggressive Phage 0524phi7-1

The ideal bacteriophages (phages) for the treatment of bacterial disease (phage therapy) would bypass bacterial evolution to phage resistance. However, this feature (called a hyper-aggression feature) has never been observed to our knowledge. Here, we microbiologically characterize, fractionate, genomically classify, and perform electron microscopy of the newly isolated Bacillus thuringiensis phage 0524phi7-1, which we find to have this hyper-aggression feature. Even visible bacterial colonies are cleared. Phage 0524phi7-1 also has three other features classified under hyper-aggression (four-feature-hyper-aggressive phage). (1) Phage 0524phi7-1 forms plaques that, although sometimes beginning as semi-turbid, eventually clear. (2) Clear plaques continue to enlarge for days. No phage-resistant bacteria are detected in cleared zones. (3) Plaques sometimes have smaller satellite plaques, even in gels so concentrated that the implied satellite-generating phage motion is not bacterial host generated. In addition, electron microscopy reveals that phage 0524phi7-1 (1) is a myophage with an isometric, 91 nm-head (diameter) and 210 nm-long contractile tail, and (2) undergoes extensive aggregation, which inhibits typical studies of phage physiology. The genome is linear double-stranded DNA, which, by sequencing, is 157.103 Kb long: family, Herelleviridae; genus, tsarbombavirus. The data suggest the hypothesis that phage 0524phi7-1 undergoes both swimming and hibernation. Techniques are implied for isolating better phages for phage therapy.