Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Cardiovascular Risk: Current Insights and Future Strategies for Optimal Management.

Area of Science:

• Cardiology
• Immunology
• Inflammation Research

Background:

• Chronic inflammation is a key factor in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) progression.
• Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases (e.g., IBD, rheumatological, autoimmune disorders) face higher risks of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs).
• Current cardiovascular risk (CVR) assessment tools often underestimate risk in these populations.

Purpose of the Study:

• To examine the link between chronic inflammation, immunomodulation, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and cardiovascular events.
• To review epidemiological and clinical trial data on anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory therapies for CVD.
• To identify knowledge gaps and propose future research directions for improved CVR management in chronic inflammatory diseases.

Main Methods:

• Narrative review of physiopathological mechanisms.
• Analysis of epidemiological studies and clinical trials.
• Exploration of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory treatment effects on cardiovascular outcomes.

Main Results:

• Chronic inflammation, immunomodulation, and atherosclerosis are interconnected pathways leading to cardiovascular events.
• Evidence suggests potential cardiovascular benefits from anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory therapies.
• Existing CVR scores are insufficient for accurately assessing risk in patients with chronic inflammatory conditions.

Conclusions:

• There is a critical need for improved cardiovascular risk stratification in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases.
• Future research should focus on novel biomarkers (lipidomics, proteomics, inflammatory markers, microbiota) and advanced imaging.
• Tailored interventions are essential to optimize cardiovascular outcomes in this high-risk group.