The use of Galleria mellonella in metal nanoparticle development: A systematic review

Research on metal nanoparticles is crucial for their application in diverse fields, requiring detailed assessments of their effects and potential. Galleria mellonella larvae have emerged as a valuable model for studying the impacts of metal nanoparticles, offering ethical and logistical advantages over traditional models. This systematic review synthesizes evidence on the application of Galleria mellonella in evaluating the toxicity, distribution, and therapeutic potential of metal nanoparticles. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive database search (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Citation Index Expanded) was conducted using keywords related to Galleria mellonella and metal nanoparticles. The SYRCLE's risk of bias tool (adapted for G. mellonella) was used for risk of bias assessment. Out of 1696 initially identified studies, 31 met the inclusion criteria, encompassing research from 2011 to 2024. The included studies effectively demonstrate G. mellonella's capacity to model the toxicity of metal nanoparticles, their therapeutic potential in treating infections, and the impact on the innate immune response, bridging the gap between simpler in vitro assays and more complex mammalian models. Galleria mellonella stands out as a critical model for the early-stage development and evaluation of metal nanoparticles, particularly in assessing toxicity, therapeutic efficacy in infection treatment, and interaction with immune systems. This review underscores the larvae's role in metal nanoparticle research, advocating for its broader use to streamline development processes while minimizing ethical concerns.