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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.

Limits to Natural Selection

Limits to Natural Selection

Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.

Speciation Rates

Speciation Rates

Types of Selection

Types of Selection

Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...

Competition

Competition

When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2025

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Published on: March 13, 2014

Delay effect in coevolutionary balance as a higher order interaction.

M Ghanbarzadeh Noudehi¹, G R Jafari^2,3

¹Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Department of Physics, 45195-1159 Zanjan, Iran.

Physical Review. E

|April 18, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Network interactions involve delays, impacting the transition to a balanced state. This study shows that introducing delays is equivalent to adding higher-order interactions that oppose existing ones in network evolution models.

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Area of Science:

Network Science
Complex Systems
Sociophysics

Background:

Information propagation in real-world networks occurs with delays.
Network evolution models typically assume instantaneous updates, ignoring delay effects.
Delays can significantly influence the dynamics of network state transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of delayed information propagation on network coevolutionary balance.
To analyze how delays affect the transition from unbalanced to balanced network states.
To compare the effects of delay with higher-order interactions in network models.

Main Methods:

Utilized a coevolutionary balance model incorporating both node and link dynamics.
Introduced a specific delay in the reception of neighbor status updates.
Analyzed the emergent properties of the network under delayed information flow.

Main Results:

Demonstrated that network delays are mathematically equivalent to higher-order interactions.
Showed that these emergent higher-order interactions oppose the first-order interactions in the delay-free model.
Quantified the influence of delay on the speed and nature of network stabilization.

Conclusions:

Network delays fundamentally alter network evolution dynamics, introducing stabilizing or destabilizing higher-order effects.
The inclusion of delays provides a more realistic representation of real-world network phenomena.
Delay effects offer a novel perspective on understanding network structure and function.