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ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...
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Updated: May 23, 2025

Dissecting Mechanoenzymatic Properties of Processive Myosins with Ultrafast Force-Clamp Spectroscopy
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Functional asymmetry in processivity clamp proteins.

Sam Mahdi1, Penny J Beuning2, Dmitry M Korzhnev1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut.

Biophysical Journal
|April 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Symmetric protein complexes, like processivity clamps, often lose symmetry during biological functions. This review explores the crucial roles of both symmetry and asymmetry in regulating clamp activities in DNA replication and repair.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Symmetric homo-oligomeric proteins are common in life.
  • Processivity clamps are key symmetric protein complexes involved in DNA replication and repair.
  • These complexes often transition from symmetry to asymmetry to perform functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the symmetry and asymmetry of processivity clamps.
  • To discuss the functional implications of these states in biological processes.
  • To highlight evidence supporting functional asymmetry.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of structural, biophysical, and computational studies.
  • Analysis of protein complex conformational changes.
  • Examination of posttranslational modifications affecting protein function.

Main Results:

  • Processivity clamps, though initially symmetric, undergo asymmetric changes during function.
  • Asymmetric intermediates are involved in clamp loading and interactions.
  • Posttranslational modifications like ubiquitylation and SUMOylation contribute to functional asymmetry.

Conclusions:

  • The transition between symmetry and asymmetry is critical for processivity clamp regulation.
  • Functional asymmetry enables diverse interactions and transitions between DNA replication and repair.
  • Understanding clamp asymmetry provides insights into DNA metabolism regulation.