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Effect of Uncertainty-Aware AI Models on Pharmacists' Reaction Time and Decision-Making in a Web-Based Mock

Corey Lester1, Brigid Rowell1, Yifan Zheng1

  • 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States, 1 734-647-8849.

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Uncertainty-aware artificial intelligence (AI) improved pharmacist decision-making speed and accuracy, acting as a safeguard against errors. Black-box AI showed slower reaction times and degraded performance with incorrect advice.

Keywords:
clinical decision support systemsAIartificial intelligenceclinical decision supportdecision-makingdiagnosisdrugdrug developmenthuman factorshuman-computer interactionpharmacistpredictionrandomized controlled trialverification

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Area of Science:

  • Health Informatics
  • Clinical Decision Support Systems
  • Artificial Intelligence in Pharmacy

Background:

  • Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly integrated into healthcare for clinical decision support.
  • Uncertainty-aware AI provides model confidence with predictions, unlike black-box AI which only offers predictions.
  • The impact of these AI types on healthcare providers' performance and reaction times is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effects of black-box AI and uncertainty-aware AI on pharmacist decision-making and reaction times.
  • To compare pharmacist performance with and without AI assistance.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized controlled trial involving 30 pharmacists was conducted.
  • Participants completed mock prescription verification tasks with and without AI assistance (black-box or uncertainty-aware).
  • Data collected included decisions, reaction times, AI advice, and AI type.

Main Results:

  • Uncertainty-aware AI led to faster decision-making and better rejection of incorrect drugs compared to black-box AI and no AI.
  • Black-box AI resulted in the longest reaction times and degraded performance when AI advice was incorrect.
  • Uncertainty-aware AI offered protection against approving incorrectly filled medications.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmacist performance and reaction times are influenced by AI type and accuracy.
  • Uncertainty-aware AI enhances decision-making speed and safeguards against errors, though may cause extra checks.
  • Well-designed AI is crucial for improving performance and preventing overreliance in healthcare settings.