Optimized g-C3N4/TiO2 composites for visible-light-driven sonophotocatalysis in norfloxacin removal
Bharat Bhargawa1, Tran Van Tam1, Ashok Kumar1
1School of Chemical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea.
Abstract:
This study explores the synthesis and characterization of g-C3N4/TiO2 composites for the enhanced efficiency for sonophotocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin under visible light and ultrasonic vibrations. Comprehensive structural, morphological, and spectroscopic analyses confirm the successful formation of composites and their effective charge separation by a strong interfacial interaction. The g-C3N4/TiO2 composites exhibited superior norfloxacin degradation efficiency under optimized sonophotocatalytic conditions, with a calculated rate constant of 5.91 × 10-2 s-1, outperforming traditional photocatalytic methods. Mechanistic insights reveal that the S-scheme heterojunctions and piezoelectric fields in g-C3N4/TiO2 composites significantly enhance sonophotocatalytic activity. Moreover, LC-MS analysis identified the degradation pathways, demonstrating efficient mineralization into non-toxic byproducts. These findings suggest the potential of g-C3N4/TiO2 composites as sustainable catalysts for antibiotic removal in water treatment.
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