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Related Concept Videos

Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Genetic Screens02:46

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Genetic screens are tools used to identify genes and mutations responsible for phenotypes of interest. Genetic screens help identify individuals or a group of people at risk of developing  genetic diseases and help them with early intervention, targeted therapy, and reproductive options.
Forward genetic screens
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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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What is Natural Selection?01:32

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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Updated: May 11, 2025

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli
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Reduction of environmental effects through genetic selection.

D J Weigel1, J Adamchick2, K R Briggs3

  • 1Zoetis Inc., Kalamazoo, MI, 49007.

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|April 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Genetic selection in dairy herds using Dairy Wellness Profit (DWP$) significantly reduces environmental impacts. Improved genetic merit lowers greenhouse gas emissions and manure nutrient excretion, contributing to a more sustainable dairy industry.

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Holsteinselection indexsustainability

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Agricultural Economics

Background:

  • Optimizing genetic selection is crucial for enhancing dairy herd health, production, and environmental sustainability.
  • Reducing the environmental footprint of dairy farming is a growing concern for the industry and consumers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the effects of genetic progress on environmental outcomes in dairy herds.
  • To quantify the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient excretion through genetic selection.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a comprehensive, whole-farm, process-based model (Ruminant Farm System) simulating individual animals.
  • Analyzed data from 11 herds (13,317 cows), comparing the top 25% with the bottom 25% based on Dairy Wellness Profit (DWP$).
  • Simulated herds over 5-year intervals to estimate production and environmental outputs, including GHG emissions and manure nutrient excretion.

Main Results:

  • Each $1 increase in DWP$ correlated with a decrease of 0.00017 kg CO2e/kg fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) in enteric methane intensity.
  • Average annual DWP$ genetic progress (84) is projected to lower lifetime enteric methane intensity by 2.5% per year's replacement heifers.
  • Similar reductions were observed in total farm footprint and manure nitrogen and phosphorus excretion intensities with increased DWP$.

Conclusions:

  • Improved genetic selection using DWP$ demonstrably reduces the environmental footprint of dairy cow herds.
  • Integrating DWP$ with sound management practices offers a viable strategy for enhancing dairy farm sustainability.
  • Genetic progress plays a significant role in mitigating environmental impacts associated with dairy production.