PVAT adipocyte: energizing, modulating, and structuring vascular function during normotensive and hypertensive states

Hypertension represents the most common form of cardiovascular disease. It is characterized by significant remodeling of the various layers of the vascular system, including the outermost layer: the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). Given the tissue's pivotal role in regulating blood pressure, a comprehensive understanding of the changes that occur within PVAT during the progression of hypertension is essential. This article reviews the mechanisms through which PVAT modulates blood pressure, including the secretion of bioactive soluble factors, provision of mechanical support, and adipose-specific functions such as adipogenesis, lipogenesis, lipolysis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Additionally, this review emphasizes the influence of hypertension on each of these regulatory mechanisms, thereby providing a deeper insight into the pathophysiological interplay between hypertension and PVAT biology.