Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 11, 2025

Investigating Target Gene Function in a CD40 Agonistic Antibody-induced Colitis Model using CRISPR/Cas9-based Technologies
Published on: June 2, 2021
Management of refractory checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis
Anas Zaher1, Maria Julia Moura Nascimento Santos2, Hassan Elsaygh3
1Department of Internal Medicine, New York Presbyterian - Brooklyn Methodist/Weill Cornell Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
Introduction:
This review discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and factors associated with refractory immune-mediated diarrhea and colitis (r-IMDC), emphasizing tailored treatment strategies.
Areas Covered:
The current literature on r-IMDC was reviewed using PubMed (2015-2025), focusing on clinical trials, meta-analyses, and case reports relevant to its management.
Expert Opinion:
Effectively managing r-IMDC is crucial for balancing toxicities and antitumor response. Available second and third-line management options for r-IMDC cases must be carefully evaluated. Future perspectives include development of standardized protocols beyond second-line therapies and predictive biomarkers to enable personalized treatment.
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