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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists01:30

Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists

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Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function.
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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
137

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2025

Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice
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Intranasal insulin for improving cognitive function in multiple sclerosis.

Scott D Newsome1, Kathryn C Fitzgerald1, Abbey Hughes2

  • 1Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Neurotherapeutics : the Journal of the American Society for Experimental Neurotherapeutics
|April 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intranasal insulin did not improve cognitive function in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) in a 24-week trial. While safe and well-tolerated, this therapy showed no benefits over placebo for cognitive impairment in MS patients.

Keywords:
Clinical trialsCognitive dysfunctionInsulinIntranasal treatmentsMultiple sclerosis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Cognitive impairment is a significant challenge for people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS).
  • Insulin plays a crucial role in central nervous system (CNS) functions, including learning and memory.
  • Intranasal insulin has previously shown promise in improving cognitive function in healthy individuals and those with neurodegenerative diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy and safety of intranasal insulin for treating cognitive impairment in PwMS.
  • To evaluate different dosages of intranasal insulin (10 IU and 20 IU twice daily) compared to a placebo.

Main Methods:

  • A phase Ib/II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted.
  • 105 PwMS were enrolled and randomized to receive intranasal insulin (10 IU or 20 IU twice daily) or placebo for 24 weeks.
  • Cognitive function was assessed using the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and other secondary outcome measures.

Main Results:

  • Intranasal insulin was found to be safe and well-tolerated in PwMS.
  • No significant differences in cognitive function, as measured by the SDMT, were observed between the intranasal insulin groups and the placebo group.
  • All secondary outcome measures also showed no significant differences compared to placebo.

Conclusions:

  • Intranasal insulin, at the tested dosages and duration, did not demonstrate superiority over placebo in improving cognitive function in PwMS.
  • Potential factors limiting efficacy include trial duration, sample size, data missingness, and outcome measure sensitivity.
  • Further research into intranasally-administered therapeutics for CNS delivery warrants consideration.