Cell membrane nanoparticles in cancer therapy: From basic structure to surface functionalization

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Nanotechnology
• Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

• Cell membrane nanoparticles (CNPs) are emerging as advanced drug delivery vehicles.
• Their biological origin provides unique surface proteins and glycans for enhanced functionality.
• CNPs overcome limitations of traditional nanoparticles, such as protein corona formation and immune evasion.

Purpose of the Study:

• This review examines the applications of CNPs in cancer therapeutics.
• It explores the structural evolution and surface engineering of CNPs.
• The review aims to assess the future prospects of CNPs in clinical trials.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on cell membrane nanoparticle research.
• Analysis of studies focusing on CNP structural evolution and surface engineering.
• Investigation of CNPs leveraging inherent cell membrane functionalities and engineered modifications.

Main Results:

• CNPs demonstrate prolonged blood circulation due to inhibited protein corona and suppressed macrophage phagocytosis.
• Homotypic targeting of CNPs to their cells of origin reduces side effects.
• Minimized nonspecific immune activation due to their non-xenobiotic nature.

Conclusions:

• CNPs represent a promising platform for cancer therapy with enhanced efficacy and safety.
• Continued research in genetic and chemical engineering will further functionalize CNPs.
• CNPs show significant potential for future clinical translation in oncology.