AI-based nanotoxicity data extraction and prediction of nanotoxicity

With the growing use of nanomaterials (NMs), assessing their toxicity has become increasingly important. Among toxicity assessment methods, computational models for predicting nanotoxicity are emerging as alternatives to traditional in vitro and in vivo assays, which involve high costs and ethical concerns. As a result, the qualitative and quantitative importance of data is now widely recognized. However, collecting large, high-quality data is both time-consuming and labor-intensive. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based data extraction techniques hold significant potential for extracting and organizing information from unstructured text. However, the use of large language models (LLMs) and prompt engineering for nanotoxicity data extraction has not been widely studied. In this study, we developed an AI-based automated data extraction pipeline to facilitate efficient data collection. The automation process was implemented using Python-based LangChain. We used 216 nanotoxicity research articles as training data to refine prompts and evaluate LLM performance. Subsequently, the most suitable LLM with refined prompts was used to extract test data, from 605 research articles. As a result, data extraction performance on training data achieved F1_D.E. (F1 score for Data Extraction) ranging from 84.6 % to 87.6 % across different LLMs. Furthermore, using the extracted dataset from test set, we constructed automated machine learning (AutoML) models that achieved F1_N.P. (F1 score for Nanotoxicity Prediction) exceeding 86.1 % in predicting nanotoxicity. Additionally, we assessed the reliability and applicability of models by comparing them in terms of ground truth, size, and balance. This study highlights the potential of AI-based data extraction, representing a significant contribution to nanotoxicity research.