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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Coronavirus01:29

Coronavirus

Coronaviruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), are enveloped viruses characterized by their single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome and helical nucleocapsid structure. The hallmark of these viruses is their club-shaped spike (S) glycoproteins that protrude from the viral envelope, facilitating attachment to host cells. Typically, coronaviruses infect the upper respiratory tract, often causing mild or asymptomatic disease. However, certain strains like...
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease01:29

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Author Spotlight: Development of a Method for Identifying Small Molecular Antagonists of β2 Integrin Activation
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SARS-CoV-2 Immune Complex-Mediated Neutrophil Activation.

Kiana C Allen1,2, Seth Warner1,2, Heather L Teague1,2

  • 1Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

Open Forum Infectious Diseases
|April 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 severity is linked to SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and neutrophil activation. Antigen-antibody complexes, particularly IgA, drive NETosis, a process that can be inhibited by spleen tyrosine kinase blockers.

Keywords:
COVID-19antibodiesimmune complexesneutrophil extracellular trapsneutrophils

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Understanding critical illness pathogenesis is key for developing therapies.
  • COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, presents a significant global health challenge requiring deeper insights into its mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels, neutrophil activation, and COVID-19 disease severity.
  • To explore the link between adaptive and innate immune responses in severe COVID-19.
  • To elucidate the role of SARS-CoV-2 immune complexes in neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis).

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels and neutrophil activation markers in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
  • In vitro assays to assess the capacity of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-antibody immune complexes to stimulate NETosis.
  • Evaluation of the differential roles of IgA and IgG immune complexes in NETosis.
  • Assessment of spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition on NETosis.

Main Results:

  • Higher SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels and neutrophil activation markers correlate with increased COVID-19 disease severity.
  • A significant association exists between antibody levels and markers of neutrophil degranulation and NETosis.
  • SARS-CoV-2 antigen-antibody immune complexes directly stimulate NETosis in vitro.
  • IgA immune complexes show a stronger association with NETosis compared to IgG complexes.
  • Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition effectively ameliorates SARS-CoV-2-induced NETosis.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and neutrophil activation are key indicators of disease severity in hospitalized patients.
  • The adaptive immune response, via antibody-immune complexes, directly influences innate immune cell behavior, specifically promoting NETosis.
  • Targeting spleen tyrosine kinase may offer a therapeutic strategy to mitigate detrimental NETosis in severe COVID-19.