Middle-Lobe Bronchus Transection in Blunt Thoracic Trauma From a High-Speed Motor Vehicle Collision: A Case Report

BACKGROUND Bronchial rupture following blunt thoracic trauma is an uncommon but potentially fatal injury that requires early recognition and appropriate intervention. Timely diagnosis and multidisciplinary trauma care are essential for improving outcomes and preventing complications. CASE REPORT A 52-year-old man with no prior medical history was admitted to the Emergency Department after a high-speed motor vehicle collision. He presented with multiple injuries, dyspnea, and thoracic and pelvic pain. His initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score was 15/15. Physical examination revealed subcutaneous emphysema in the cervical region, a distended right hemiabdomen, and absent breath sounds in the right lung. Multiple right-sided chest wall lacerations were noted. An extended focused assessment with sonography in trauma (eFAST) was suggestive of intra-abdominal free fluid, prompting further imaging. A chest CT confirmed the right pneumothorax. An exploratory laparotomy revealed 200 cc of hemoperitoneum, grade 1 liver trauma (segments II and IV), and a non-bleeding hepatic hilum hematoma. Additional procedures included cystostomy, left iliac vein clamping, and pelvic bone stabilization with external fixators. Due to worsening respiratory status on postoperative day 2, the patient underwent an emergency thoracotomy, which revealed a 200-mL clot hemothorax in the costodiaphragmatic recess, middle-lobe contusions, ischemia, and a complete transection of the middle-lobe bronchus extending to the intermediate bronchus. Rib fractures (5th and 6th) necessitated a middle lobectomy and rib fixation. CONCLUSIONS This case underscores the importance of a high index of suspicion for tracheobronchial injuries in blunt thoracic trauma. While eFAST aids in initial assessment, definitive diagnosis requires advanced imaging modalities such as CT and bronchoscopy. Timely surgical interventions and a coordinated multidisciplinary approach are essential for optimal patient outcomes. By sharing this case, we aim to contribute to the understanding and management of rare bronchial injuries.