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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
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Molecular Shape and Polarity03:37

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Dipole Moment of a Molecule
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Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

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Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields...
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Covalent Bonds01:08

Covalent Bonds

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Overview
When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells, they create a covalent bond. An atom's electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally,...
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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Hydrogen-Bonding Motifs in Hydroxy-Functionalized Ionic Liquids.

Anne Strate1, Dietmar Paschek1,2, Ralf Ludwig1,2,3

  • 1Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany;

Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
|April 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydroxy-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) exhibit unique cationic clusters due to hydrogen bonding. This review explores these clusters in bulk and gas phases, revealing fundamental insights into IL interactions.

Keywords:
NMRhydrogen bondinginfrared spectroscopyionic liquidsmolecular dynamics simulationsnuclear magnetic resonance

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Ionic liquids (ILs) possess unique properties governed by ion interactions.
  • Hydroxy-functionalized ILs exhibit complex hydrogen bonding, forming ion pairs and cationic clusters.
  • Understanding these hydrogen bonding motifs is crucial for IL applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review hydrogen-bonding motifs in hydroxy-functionalized ILs.
  • To elucidate the formation and structure of cationic clusters in ILs.
  • To provide fundamental insights into hydrogen bonding in ionic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, neutron diffraction, and molecular dynamics simulations for bulk ILs.
  • Cryogenic ion vibrational predissociation (CIVP) spectroscopy for gas-phase clusters.
  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations for theoretical analysis.

Main Results:

  • Identified specific hydrogen-bonding motifs in both bulk and gas phases of hydroxy-functionalized ILs.
  • Characterized the structure, strength, and dynamics of cationic clusters.
  • Established detailed contacts within isolated hydrogen-bonded cationic clusters.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrogen bonding plays a critical role in the unique properties and structure of hydroxy-functionalized ILs.
  • The study provides a fundamental understanding of ion interactions and cluster formation in ILs.
  • Combines experimental, computational, and theoretical approaches for comprehensive analysis.