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Assessment of apical radial pulse01:25

Assessment of apical radial pulse

Apical-Radial (A-R) Pulse Assessment
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Pre-Procedural Preparation
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Clinical Trials

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There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
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Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
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Preclinical Development: Overview

Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein
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Lp(a): A Clinical Review.

Khalil Anchouche1, Alexis Baass2, George Thanassoulis1

  • 1McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Clinical Biochemistry
|April 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Elevated lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) is a key genetic risk factor for cardiovascular disease. New Lp[a]-lowering therapies are in late-stage trials, offering hope for future clinical practice.

Keywords:
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASO)Aortic stenosisCardiovascular geneticsLipoprotein(a) (Lp[a])Myocardial infarctionSmall interfering RNA (siRNA)

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Genetics
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Elevated lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) is a prevalent, genetically determined risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis.
  • Current guidelines recommend universal Lp[a] screening due to its significant impact on cardiovascular health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) biology, genetics, and clinical associations.
  • To highlight emerging Lp[a]-lowering therapies and their potential future clinical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Lp(a) biology, genetics, and clinical associations.
  • Analysis of current drug development pipeline for Lp[a]-lowering agents.
  • Discussion of the potential role of novel therapies in clinical practice.

Main Results:

  • Lp(a) is a significant, inherited risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis.
  • Several novel therapies targeting Lp[a) reduction are in late-stage clinical trials.
  • These therapies hold promise for future management of cardiovascular risk associated with elevated Lp(a).

Conclusions:

  • Universal screening for Lp(a) is increasingly recommended for cardiovascular risk assessment.
  • Emerging Lp(a)-lowering therapies represent a significant advancement in managing this risk factor.
  • These novel treatments are expected to play a crucial role in future cardiovascular medicine.