Neuroproteomics applied to the study of visual cortex plasticity

The huge complexity of neuronal circuits arises from a temporarily overlapped influence of genetic and environmental factors (Nature and Nurture). During specific temporal windows of postnatal development, the so-called critical or sensitive periods of plasticity, the brain is particularly susceptible to the effects of experience, though this sensitivity declines with age. The most widely used experimental paradigm for studying critical periods of plasticity is the ocular dominance model in the mammalian visual cortex. Recent advancements in large-scale methodological approaches have enabled the analysis of the cellular and molecular factors regulating plasticity, highlighting the complex interaction among various metabolic and regulatory pathways. Traditionally, genomic and transcriptomic techniques have been employed to investigate the Central Nervous System in a comprehensive manner, including studies on critical period plasticity in the visual cortex. However, it is the technical advancements in proteomic approaches that have established neuroproteomics as a powerful tool for investigating both normal and pathological brain states. Despite its potential, proteomics has been underutilized in studying visual cortical plasticity. Here, we review existing studies and emphasize the importance of exploiting neuroproteomics, and of integrating with other complementary "omic" approaches, to accurately identify the true active cellular agents and ultimate mediators of brain functions.