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Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: mechanisms and in vitro models
Ana Grego1, Cristiana Fernandes1,2, Ivo Fonseca1
1RISE-Health, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
|April 21, 2025
Summary
In vitro models are crucial for studying endothelial cell dysfunction (ECD) in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review synthesizes 2D, 3D, and organ-on-a-chip models to understand ECD mechanisms and potential therapies.
Area of Science:
- Vascular Biology and Pathophysiology
- Cardiovascular Disease Research
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine
Background:
- Endothelial cells (ECs) form the vessel lining, regulating vascular homeostasis and preventing thrombosis.
- Cardiovascular disease risk factors induce endothelial activation, leading to endothelial cell dysfunction (ECD).
- In vitro models offer flexibility and reproducibility for studying ECD mechanisms and therapeutic screening.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review and synthesize current in vitro models for studying endothelial cell dysfunction (ECD).
- To emphasize models relevant to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
- To analyze the impact of chemical and mechanical stimuli on ECD.
Main Methods:
- Focus on 2D cell culture models (endothelial cell lines, primary ECs).
- Review of 3D cell culture systems (scaffold-free and scaffold-based).
- Examination of advanced 3D models like organ-on-a-chip technology.
Main Results:
- In vitro models provide essential tools for dissecting molecular mechanisms of ECD.
- Different model systems (2D, 3D, organ-on-a-chip) offer unique advantages for studying EC responses.
- External stimuli (chemical, mechanical) play a critical role in triggering ECD.
Conclusions:
- In vitro models are indispensable for advancing our understanding of ECD in cardiovascular diseases.
- The choice of model system impacts the ability to recapitulate in vivo conditions and disease mechanisms.
- Further development and application of these models will facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for CVDs.
