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Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

3.4K
Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
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Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

3.2K
Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
3.2K
Structure of Amines01:19

Structure of Amines

2.4K
The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’...
2.4K
Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction01:20

Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

4.5K
Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.
4.5K
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles01:13

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles

2.4K
Nitriles can be reduced to primary amines using reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride or catalytic hydrogenation. The reduction introduces an amino group with an extra carbon in the skeleton. Nitriles are formed from the reaction between alkyl halides and sodium cyanide through the SN2 mechanism. Primary alkyl halides are the preferred substrates to prepare nitriles.
Amides can be reduced to primary, secondary, and tertiary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, active metals like Fe,...
2.4K
Reaction Stoichiometry02:57

Reaction Stoichiometry

64.4K
A balanced chemical equation provides a great deal of information in a very succinct format. Chemical formulas provide the identities of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change, allowing classification of the reaction. Coefficients provide the relative numbers of these chemical species, allowing a quantitative assessment of the relationships between the amounts of substances consumed and produced by the reaction. These quantitative relationships are known as the...
64.4K

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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

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Low-dimensional materials for ammonia synthesis.

Apabrita Mallick1, Carmen C Mayorga-Martinez2, Martin Pumera1,3

  • 1Advanced Nanorobots and Multiscale Robotics Lab, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic. martin.pumera@vsb.cz.

Chemical Society Reviews
|April 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Low-dimensional materials (LDMs) are crucial for green ammonia synthesis via photo- and/or electrocatalysis. This review explores LDMs

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Ammonia is vital for agriculture, energy, and transportation.
  • Sustainable ammonia synthesis using renewable energy is critical.
  • Low-dimensional materials (LDMs) offer unique catalytic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review LDMs for photo- and/or electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis.
  • To categorize LDMs by dimensionality (0D, 1D, 2D) and catalytic performance.
  • To explore LDMs in wastewater treatment and value-added chemical production.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on LDMs in ammonia synthesis.
  • Categorization of LDMs based on dimensionality.
  • Analysis of catalytic mechanisms for ammonia production and related reactions.

Main Results:

  • LDMs show significant potential in catalyzing ammonia synthesis from various nitrogen sources.
  • Rational design of LDMs enhances catalytic efficiency.
  • LDMs can be utilized for wastewater treatment and co-production of chemicals like urea.

Conclusions:

  • LDMs are promising catalysts for efficient and sustainable ammonia production.
  • Further research into LDM design can improve ammonia synthesis and create value-added products.
  • This review provides insights into LDM applications in green chemistry.