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Related Concept Videos

Measuring Reaction Rates03:09

Measuring Reaction Rates

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Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical...
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Hess's Law03:40

Hess's Law

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There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
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Constant Pressure Calorimetry03:02

Constant Pressure Calorimetry

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Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process or to measure the heat transferred to or from a substance. The heat is exchanged with a calibrated and insulated device called the calorimeter. Calorimetry experiments are based on the assumption that there is no heat exchange between the insulated calorimeter and the external environment. The well-insulated calorimeters prevent the transfer of heat between the calorimeter and its external...
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
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Reaction Rate02:53

Reaction Rate

50.3K
The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
The mathematical representation of the change in the concentration of reactants and products, over time, is the rate...
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Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base03:55

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

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Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:
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Direct Measurement of the OH + HO2 Cross Reaction Using Infrared Kinetic Spectroscopy.

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The reaction between hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals is crucial for atmospheric chemistry. New measurements refine rate coefficients, reducing uncertainties in atmospheric models.

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Chemical Kinetics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • The hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HO2) radical cross-reaction is vital in combustion and planetary atmospheres (Earth, Mars).
  • This reaction terminates odd-hydrogen chemistry in Earth's middle atmosphere, impacting ozone levels.
  • Existing rate coefficients are under scrutiny, creating uncertainties in stratospheric and mesospheric models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present new measurements of the OH + HO2 reaction rate coefficient.
  • To improve the accuracy of chemical models for Earth's upper atmosphere.
  • To address uncertainties stemming from recent laboratory measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized high-resolution infrared and ultraviolet kinetic spectroscopy.
  • Employed a specialized experimental scheme to isolate the OH + HO2 reaction.
  • Minimized interfering reactions and absolute calibration uncertainties for OH and HO2.

Main Results:

  • Determined a room temperature rate coefficient k(295) = (9.0 ± 1.9) × 10^-11 cm^3 molecule^-1 s^-1.
  • Observed a slight negative temperature dependence between 265-330 K (E/R = -155 ± 50 K).
  • Significantly reduced uncertainties compared to previous studies.

Conclusions:

  • The new rate coefficients provide a more accurate understanding of the OH + HO2 reaction.
  • These findings will enhance the reliability of atmospheric chemical models.
  • Improved modeling is essential for predicting ozone abundance and atmospheric processes.