Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

2.1K
The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
2.1K
Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

1.9K
The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic...
1.9K
Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

2.0K
Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
2.0K
Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

1.8K
Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
1.8K
Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

7.6K
The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
7.6K
Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

2.0K
A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the...
2.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Weather-Specific Individual Exposure to Organic Contaminants in Fine Particulate Matter by Nontarget Screening and Risk Prioritization.

Environment & health (Washington, D.C.)·2026
Same author

Emotional and sleep problems and their associated factors among specialized operation personnel on surface vessels.

BMC psychology·2026
Same author

Research on the application of tree drawing projection tests in the condition assessment of depression.

Frontiers in psychiatry·2026
Same author

Computer-based tree drawing test in adolescents and adults with depression.

Frontiers in psychiatry·2026
Same author

Neglected but potentially significant emissions of unintentional persistent organic pollutants from primary copper smelting industry.

Environment international·2026
Same author

Light Exposure, Physical Activity, and Sleep Duration: Evidence of Nonlinear Associations and Interactive Effects in a Large UK Biobank Cohort.

Research quarterly for exercise and sport·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2025

Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development
14:22

Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development

Published on: April 15, 2013

20.2K

Persistent free radicals in the environment.

Linjun Qin1, Wuyuxin Zhu2, Lili Yang3

  • 1School of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.

Journal of Hazardous Materials
|April 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are pollutants that may cause DNA damage. Further research is needed to understand EPFRs' environmental behavior and health effects.

Keywords:
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs)Migration and transformationReactive oxygen species (ROS)Sample extractionStructure identification

More Related Videos

A Protocol for Detecting and Scavenging Gas-phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke
09:23

A Protocol for Detecting and Scavenging Gas-phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

Published on: January 2, 2012

19.3K
Quantification of three DNA Lesions by Mass Spectrometry and Assessment of Their Levels in Tissues of Mice Exposed to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter
12:15

Quantification of three DNA Lesions by Mass Spectrometry and Assessment of Their Levels in Tissues of Mice Exposed to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter

Published on: May 29, 2019

8.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2025

Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development
14:22

Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development

Published on: April 15, 2013

20.2K
A Protocol for Detecting and Scavenging Gas-phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke
09:23

A Protocol for Detecting and Scavenging Gas-phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

Published on: January 2, 2012

19.3K
Quantification of three DNA Lesions by Mass Spectrometry and Assessment of Their Levels in Tissues of Mice Exposed to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter
12:15

Quantification of three DNA Lesions by Mass Spectrometry and Assessment of Their Levels in Tissues of Mice Exposed to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter

Published on: May 29, 2019

8.5K

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Toxicology
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are emerging pollutants.
  • Their potential toxicity, mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), necessitates further investigation.
  • Current knowledge on EPFRs' environmental characteristics and transformation is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of EPFRs.
  • To summarize current characterization methods, formation mechanisms, and environmental behavior.
  • To highlight the significance of EPFRs in natural environments.

Main Methods:

  • Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for direct probing of EPFRs.
  • Advanced EPR combined with multi-spectroscopic methods for structural identification.
  • Review of existing literature on EPFRs' environmental behavior and impacts.

Main Results:

  • EPR spectroscopy is a key technique for EPFR detection.
  • Structural identification of EPFRs is challenging due to complex environmental matrices.
  • Combined spectroscopic methods enhance structural elucidation of EPFRs.
  • Studies on EPFRs' environmental behavior and ecological impacts are progressing.

Conclusions:

  • EPFRs play a significant role in natural environments.
  • Further research is crucial to fully understand EPFRs' environmental behaviors and health effects.
  • Advanced spectroscopic techniques are vital for EPFR characterization.