Advances in quantum dot-based fluorescence sensors for environmental and biomedical detection

This review explores the evolution and application of fluorescence sensors based on quantum dots (QDs) for detecting environmental and biological analytes across diverse real-world scenarios and complex sample matrices and also categorizes different types of quantum dots, such as carbon dots (C-dots), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), and metal-doped QDs and examines their properties, including tunable fluorescence, low toxicity, and photostability, which make them ideal for a variety of applications. Key sensing mechanisms, including Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) and fluorescence quenching, are discussed alongside innovations like paper-based, ratiometric, and turn-on/turn-off sensors. Additionally, case studies are provided to showcase the application of these sensors in environmental and biomedical fields, where they provide rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective solutions. This review presents the potential of quantum dot-based fluorescence sensors to transform analytical detection technologies, offering new opportunities in environmental monitoring, bioimaging, and public health safety.