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Nephrons

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The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma...
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The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
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The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
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External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
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Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct01:24

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The renal tubule is divided into three parts: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the Loop of Henle (LOH), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
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Pleural Effusion I: Introduction01:25

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Pleural effusion is an abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, a narrow space between the lungs and the chest wall. It is not a disease per se but rather a symptom or indication of an underlying disease. In normal circumstances, this space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), a lubricant facilitating the non-frictional movement of the pleural surfaces.
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Updated: May 10, 2025

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Nephrotic Syndrome: Beyond Common Causes.

Humam Hazim1,2, Ryan Horn3, Ashwati Krishnan Varikara4

  • 1Nephrology and Transplantation Unit, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia.

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|April 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A case study reveals syphilis can cause nephrotic syndrome in HIV patients. Prompt diagnosis and penicillin treatment effectively resolved symptoms, highlighting syphilis as a treatable cause of kidney disease.

Keywords:
HIVANnephrotic syndromesecondary membranous nephropathysecondary syphilis

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Syphilis (Treponema pallidum infection) is a systemic disease with diverse clinical presentations.
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and syphilis share common transmission routes, leading to frequent co-infection.
  • Nephrotic syndrome, characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema, can have various underlying causes.

Observation:

  • A 38-year-old HIV-positive man on antiretroviral therapy presented with nephrotic syndrome, rash, lymphadenopathy, and abnormal liver function.
  • Serological tests confirmed secondary syphilis.
  • Kidney biopsy revealed membranous nephropathy.

Findings:

  • Treatment with Benzathine penicillin rapidly resolved the nephrotic syndrome.
  • Patient's liver function and serum albumin levels normalized post-treatment.
  • This case demonstrates a direct link between syphilis and nephrotic syndrome.

Implications:

  • Syphilis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome, especially in HIV-positive individuals.
  • Early diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of syphilis are crucial for managing syphilitic nephropathy.
  • Vigilance among healthcare providers is essential for recognizing syphilis-related kidney complications in co-infected patients.