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Updated: May 10, 2025

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Serotonin dysfunction in ADHD.

Eleanor F Jackson1, Timothy B Riley2, Paul G Overton2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK. efjackson1@sheffield.ac.uk.

Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
|April 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may involve serotonin system deficits. Research highlights issues in serotonin synthesis, suggesting new therapeutic targets for ADHD treatment.

Keywords:
5-hydroxytryptophan.Attention deficit hyperactivity disorderKynurenineSerotoninTryptophan

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is linked to monoaminergic neurotransmitter dysfunction.
  • The role of serotonergic neurotransmission in ADHD is often underestimated.
  • Existing research suggests a deficit in serotonin availability in ADHD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence of serotonergic transmission dysfunction in ADHD.
  • To explore potential dysfunctions in the serotonin synthesis pathway contributing to reduced bioavailability.
  • To identify novel therapeutic targets for ADHD within the serotonin system.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical analysis of serotonin pathways.
  • Genetic studies investigating serotonergic gene variants.
  • Pharmacological evidence examining serotonin system modulation.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports a deficit in serotonin availability in ADHD.
  • Specific steps in serotonin synthesis, including tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan conversion, show potential dysfunction.
  • The cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin is implicated in serotonergic deficits.

Conclusions:

  • Dysfunction in the serotonin synthesis pathway is a potential factor in ADHD.
  • Targeting specific steps in serotonin transmission may offer novel therapeutic strategies for ADHD.
  • Further research into the serotonergic system could lead to new clinical interventions for ADHD.