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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Vaccines

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

Smallpox

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...

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Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle

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Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination Promotes Efficient and Comprehensive Immune Modulation in Guinea Pig Models.

In-Ohk Ouh¹, Min Jung Kim², Kwangwook Kim¹

¹Division of Vaccine Development Coordination, Center for Vaccine Research National Institute of Infectious Diseses, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si 28159, Republic of Korea.

|April 23, 2025

Summary

A standardized protocol for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination in guinea pigs improves tuberculosis (TB) vaccine efficacy assessments. This method offers a reliable benchmark for developing new TB vaccines.

Keywords:

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Mycobacterium tuberculosis guinea pigs hematoxylin and eosin immunohistochemistry

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Optimized Interferon-gamma ELISpot Assay to Measure T Cell Responses in the Guinea Pig Model after Vaccination

Published on: January 20, 2019

Area of Science:

Immunology
Preclinical research
Vaccinology

Background:

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affects the lungs.
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the sole available TB vaccine.
Guinea pigs are a relevant preclinical model for TB, but lack standardized vaccination protocols, hindering efficacy assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish a consistent and reliable protocol for evaluating the immunological efficacy of BCG vaccination in guinea pigs.
To provide a standardized method for TB vaccine assessment in preclinical models.

Main Methods:

Guinea pigs were allocated to control, M. tuberculosis-infected, and BCG-vaccinated groups.
Vaccinated and infected groups were challenged with M. tuberculosis four weeks post-vaccination.
Bacterial burden, histopathological changes (H&E staining), and cytokine expression (IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ via IHC) were analyzed.

Main Results:

BCG vaccination significantly reduced M. tuberculosis bacterial load in lungs and spleen compared to the infected group.
Histopathological scores for lung and spleen lesions were lower in the BCG-vaccinated group.
Immunohistochemical analysis revealed reduced M. tuberculosis and inflammatory cytokine-positive cells in vaccinated animals.

Conclusions:

The developed protocol enhances consistency and reliability in TB vaccine efficacy assessments.
This standardized approach serves as a benchmark for developing improved TB vaccines.
The findings support the development of safer, more effective, and accessible TB vaccines.