Cryopreservation of biological materials: applications and economic perspectives

Cryopreservation is a transformative technology that allows for the long-term storage of biological materials by cooling them to extremely low temperatures at which metabolic and biochemical processes are effectively slowed or halted. Cryopreservation utilizes various techniques to minimize ice crystal formation and cellular damage during freezing and thawing processes. This technology has broad applications in the fields of medicine, agriculture, and conservation, spanning across stem cell research, reproductive and regenerative medicine, organ transplantation, and cell-based therapies, each with significant economic implications. While current techniques and their associated costs present certain challenges, ongoing research advancements related to cryoprotectants, cooling methods, and automation promise to enhance efficiency and accessibility, potentially broadening the technology's impact across various sectors. This review focuses on the applications of cryopreservation, research advancements, and economic implications, emphasizing the importance of continued research to overcome the current limitations.