Development of Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSBs) System and Its Effectiveness in Mosquito Control

Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSBs) are an innovative vector control strategy based on the "attract-and-kill" principle. The core of ATSBs lies in the preparation of attractive and toxic baits through the mixing and proportioning of luring and active ingredients. Although previous studies have investigated the effects of ATSBs on mosquitoes, significant challenges remain for broader field application.

This study evaluated five fruit juices as ATSBs for mosquitoes, focusing on feeding preferences. Preservative concentrations were assessed by measuring antimicrobial activity over time. Two commercial traps were tested for mosquito entry rates. The optimal insecticide species and concentration were determined based on mortality rates. An optimized ATSBs system was developed and tested under a semi-field cage. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism.

Within 24 h, apple juice-based ATSBs had the highest attractant index for Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles sinensis, while a pear juice-based ATSB was most effective for Aedes albopictus. A 0.1% preservative concentration best maintained juice stability. The LC50 values of dinotefuran-based ATSBs for Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. albopictus, and An. sinensis were 1.18 × 10^-3, 4.06 × 10^-4, and 5.20 × 10^-5 g/L, respectively. The Spodoptera frugiperda trap outperformed the Drosophilidae trap. Simulated semi-field cage tests showed 48 h mortality rates of 86.00% for Cx. quinquefasciatus and 95.67% for Ae. albopictus.

This study optimized an ATSB system by screening various fruit juices, preservative concentrations, insecticides, and trap devices. The system's efficacy in mosquito control was evaluated under a semi-field cage. These findings provide a strong foundation for the future application and refinement of ATSB-based mosquito control strategies.