Exercise interventions for older patients with frailty and heart failure: A scoping review

To provide a structured analysis of exercise interventions and outcome measures in older patients with frailty and heart failure (HF).

8 databases were searched up to May 22, 2024 to identify relevant studies. Two independent reviewers assessed and collected data according to the TIDieR checklist, CONTENT scale and COMET outcome taxonomy.

We screened 1,253 articles, resulting in 8 articles being included in the scoping review. Aerobic exercise and resistance training were fundamental elements of exercise rehabilitation, with balance training also being essential. Most exercise interventions are individualized, with the type and intensity of exercise being set and adjusted according to the patient's actual condition. However, the tailoring process of resistance training, including exercise load, sets, and repetitions, needs to be more detailed in most studies. The exercise interventions were provided by qualified therapists in most studies, and various methods were taken to ensure fidelity. None of the studies mentioned their theoretical basis. Only two exercise interventions were considered therapeutically valid. The two most commonly reported outcomes were physical function and quality of life.

It is necessary to focus on addressing research heterogeneity and report transparency to better implement exercise interventions in older frail adults with HF.