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Related Experiment Video

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Macromolecular crowding-based biofabrication utilizing unmodified extracellular matrix bioinks.

Seyma Nayir Jordan1, Xianmu Li1, Alejandro Rossello-Martinez1

  • 1Yale University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Haven, CT, USA.

Acta Biomaterialia
|April 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Macromolecular crowding (MMC) enhances the printability of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) bioinks by enabling rapid gelation of unmodified dECMs. This method supports cell viability and allows for 3D bioprinting of complex structures from various tissues.

Keywords:
BioprintingDecellularized extracellular matrixMacromolecular crowdingPEG

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides natural scaffolding for cells, crucial for biocompatibility in tissue engineering.
  • Decellularized extracellular matrices (dECMs) mimic natural ECMs but often require modifications for effective biofabrication due to slow gelation.
  • Current methods for gelling dECMs can be slow, yield poor mechanical properties, and may involve toxic crosslinkers or UV activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for improving the printability of solubilized, unmodified decellularized extracellular matrices (dECMs).
  • To enable rapid gelation of dECM bioinks for enhanced 3D biofabrication and bioprinting applications.
  • To demonstrate the biocompatibility and utility of unmodified dECM bioinks for creating complex tissue structures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized macromolecular crowding (MMC) to induce rapid gelation of solubilized dECMs from various tissues (heart, muscle, liver, intestine).
  • Fabricated cell-laden dECM gels to assess cell spreading and contractility, evaluating biocompatibility.
  • Performed extrusion bioprinting of complex 3D structures using unmodified dECM solutions as bioinks.

Main Results:

  • Macromolecular crowding (MMC) successfully conferred rapid gelation and printability to unmodified dECM solutions.
  • Cell-laden dECM gels exhibited cell spreading and contractility, confirming biocompatibility and bioactivity.
  • Successful extrusion bioprinting of complex 3D structures was achieved using low-concentration, unmodified dECM bioinks.

Conclusions:

  • Macromolecular crowding (MMC) is an effective method for rapidly gelling and improving the printability of unmodified dECM bioinks.
  • This approach overcomes limitations of traditional dECM processing, enabling the use of diverse, native tissue-derived bioinks.
  • The method holds significant potential for layer-by-layer fabrication of user-designed, bioactive scaffolds and tissues for regenerative medicine.