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Related Concept Videos

Pneumothorax-II01:27

Pneumothorax-II

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Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
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Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

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A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
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Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

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In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
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Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis01:26

Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis

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Thoracentesis(Thoracocentesis), commonly known as pleural tap, is a medical procedure where a 22 gauge needle is inserted into the pleural space, the area between the lung and chest wall. This procedure is commonly performed to diagnose or treat various respiratory disorders.
Description
Excess pleural fluid or air may accumulate in some respiratory disorders in the thoracic cavity. To treat pleural effusion, a physician conducts thoracentesis by carefully piercing the chest wall and entering...
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Breathing01:05

Breathing

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The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2025

Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
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Bronchopulmonary sequestration in a monochorionic diamniotic preterm twin.

Joyce May Lyn Khoo1, Marielle Fortier2, Narasimhan Kannan Laksmi3

  • 1Neonatology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore joyce.khoo.m.l@kkh.com.sg.

BMJ Case Reports
|April 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This case highlights a rare instance of hydrops fetalis in monochorionic twins, complicated by recurrent pleural effusion. A tailored dexamethasone treatment effectively managed the effusion, preventing premature thoracic surgery.

Keywords:
Neonatal and paediatric intensive carePaediatric prescribingPediatrics

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Area of Science:

  • Perinatology
  • Fetal Medicine
  • Neonatology

Background:

  • Monochorionic twins are at risk for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS).
  • Hydrops fetalis and pleural effusions are serious complications in TTTS.
  • Bronchopulmonary sequestration is a rare congenital lung malformation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a unique case of hydrops fetalis in monochorionic twins.
  • To detail the diagnostic challenges posed by recurrent pleural effusion.
  • To report the successful management of fetal pleural effusion with a customized dexamethasone regimen.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnostic imaging including ultrasound to assess fetal anatomy and fluid collections.
  • Investigation of incidental lung lesions.
  • Therapeutic intervention with a customized dexamethasone protocol.

Main Results:

  • Initial suspicion of TTTS leading to hydrops fetalis.
  • Recurrent left pleural effusion complicated the clinical course.
  • Bronchopulmonary sequestration identified as an incidental finding.
  • Successful resolution of pleural effusion with dexamethasone, avoiding fetal surgery.

Conclusions:

  • Fetal pleural effusion in monochorionic twins requires careful diagnosis and management.
  • Dexamethasone can be an effective treatment for recurrent fetal pleural effusions.
  • Bronchopulmonary sequestration should be considered in the differential diagnosis of fetal lung lesions.