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Related Concept Videos

Insomnia01:27

Insomnia

75
Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night, and waking up too early without being able to return to sleep. People with insomnia often experience these disruptions at least three nights a week for at least one month. Chronic insomnia, which lasts for at least three months, can lead to increased anxiety, which in turn can worsen sleep difficulties, creating a cycle of sleeplessness and stress.
Multiple factors contribute...
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Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation01:13

Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation

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Insufficient sleep refers to not getting the recommended amount of sleep for optimal functioning, even if it's just slightly less than needed. Sleep insufficiency may occur due to lifestyle choices, such as staying up late for social events or work, resulting in routinely getting less sleep than required. For example, consistently sleeping 6 hours when the body needs 7-9 hours can lead to cumulative effects on health and well-being.
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Management of Insomnia01:19

Management of Insomnia

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The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
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Altered States of Awareness01:06

Altered States of Awareness

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Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
The ingestion of substances like stimulants or hallucinogens leads to chemical alterations in the brain...
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Updated: May 10, 2025

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm
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Altered Insula Functional Connectivity Correlates to Cognitive Flexibility in Insomnia.

Shiyan Yang1,2, Yuhan Fan1,2, Zilu Zhang2,3

  • 1Faculty of Psychology, Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.

Brain Topography
|April 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Insomnia impairs cognitive flexibility by altering brain activity and connectivity, particularly in the right insula and supplementary motor area. Specific neural pathways are linked to different aspects of cognitive flexibility, with the paracentral lobule potentially unique to insomnia patients.

Keywords:
Cognitive flexibilityFunctional connectivity (FC)Insomnia disorderInsula

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Sleep Medicine

Background:

  • Insomnia is associated with cognitive deficits, including impaired cognitive flexibility.
  • The neural underpinnings of cognitive flexibility in insomnia remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms of impaired cognitive flexibility in individuals with insomnia.
  • To examine the relationship between insomnia severity, brain activity, and cognitive flexibility using resting-state fMRI.

Main Methods:

  • Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed.
  • Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and functional connectivity (FC) were analyzed.
  • The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI) was used to assess cognitive flexibility.

Main Results:

  • Insomnia severity negatively impacted the control sub-dimension of cognitive flexibility.
  • The right insula showed significant associations with overall cognitive flexibility.
  • Functional connectivity between the insula and other brain regions (e.g., STG, precuneus) correlated with cognitive flexibility scores.
  • Specific neural pathways involving the supplementary motor area and paracentral lobule were associated with different cognitive flexibility sub-dimensions.

Conclusions:

  • Different sub-dimensions of cognitive flexibility are supported by distinct neural pathways.
  • The paracentral lobule may represent a brain region specifically affected in insomnia patients regarding cognitive flexibility.
  • These findings highlight the impact of insomnia on cognitive flexibility's neural basis and suggest potential therapeutic targets.