Signalling and regulation of plant development by carbon/nitrogen balance

The two most abundant macronutrients in plant cells are carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Coordination of their cellular metabolism is a fundamental factor in guaranteeing the optimal growth and development of plants. N availability and assimilation profoundly affect plant gene expression and modulate root and stem architecture, thus affecting whole plant growth and crop yield. N status also affects C fixation, as it is an important component of the photosynthetic machinery in leaves. Reciprocally, increasing C supply promotes N uptake and assimilation. There is extensive knowledge of the different mechanisms that plants use for sensing and signalling their nutritional status to regulate the assimilation, metabolism and transport of C and N. However, the crosstalk between C and N pathways has received much less attention. Plant growth and development are greatly affected by suboptimal C/N balance, which can arise from nutrient deficiencies or/and environmental cues. Mechanisms that integrate and respond to changes in this specific nutritional balance have started to arise. This review will examine the specific responses to C/N imbalance in plants by focusing on the main inorganic and organic metabolites involved, how they are sensed and transported, and the interconnection between the early signalling components and hormonal networks that underlies plants' adaptive responses.