Zinc Oxide@Tetracycline Spiky Microparticles Design for Persistent Antibacterial Therapy

Antibiotics have revolutionized medical treatment by effectively combating bacterial infections, particularly those associated with chronic wounds and implant complications. Nevertheless, the persistent use of these drugs has resulted in an increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria and biofilm infections, highlighting the urgent need for alternative therapies. This study presents an approach for combating persistent bacterial and biofilm infections through the integration of biomimetic design and advanced nanotechnology. Inspired by the natural defense mechanisms of pollen grains and lotus leaves, we engineered zinc oxide spiky microparticles combined with tetracycline-loaded beads mimicking the structure of lotus leaf papillae. This biomimetic design exhibits a multifaceted antimicrobial strategy, leveraging hierarchical micro/nanostructures and the inherent antibacterial properties of their natural counterparts. ZnO microparticles, which mimic the morphology of pollen grains, provide topological cues to rupture adhered bacteria, whereas tetracycline beads, inspired by lotus leaf papillae, deliver a controlled release of antibiotics to target persistent bacteria. Using a synergistic multimodal approach, our biomimetic materials demonstrated exceptional efficacy in eradicating persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli infections, offering promising prospects for the development of advanced antibacterial therapies. This study not only underscores the importance of biomimicry in material design but also highlights the potential of integrating nature-inspired strategies with nanotechnology for biomedical applications.