Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

3.9K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
3.9K
Bioequivalence: Overview01:16

Bioequivalence: Overview

875
Pharmaceutical equivalents, by definition, are drug products with the same active ingredient in the same quantities, encapsulated in identical dosage forms, and intended for the same administration routes. These pharmaceutical equivalents are deemed bioequivalent if the bioavailability of the active entity in the drug preparations is similar. Moreover, pharmaceutical equivalents demonstrating bioequivalence are also regarded as therapeutically equivalent. This means that when used as directed,...
875
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

3.3K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
3.3K
Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

137
Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
137

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Extra X Chromosome and Autoimmune Susceptibility in Klinefelter Syndrome.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2026
Same author

Non-linear relationships between inflammatory indices and erectile dysfunction in a group of young men living with HIV.

Basic and clinical andrology·2026
Same author

Occurrence and characterization of microplastics in dry pet food: Investigating geographical variations between European and South American markets.

Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)·2026
Same author

Reduction in Circulating Microplastics in Humans Following Gastrointestinal Sequestration by Chitosan: A Pilot Controlled Study.

Journal of xenobiotics·2026
Same author

Age as a Risk Stratification Factor in Surgically Treated Low-Risk Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules: Insight From the TIRETA Study.

Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists·2026
Same author

Fractionated testosterone gel replacement therapy in clinical practice: A real-world exploratory clinical experience.

Endocrine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2025

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
05:12

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

3.5K

Are liquid levothyroxine formulations comparable? The LETI study.

Elisa Gatta1,2, Virginia Maltese1, Ilenia Pirola1

  • 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, SSD Endocrinologia, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.

Thyroid Research
|April 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The new ethanol-free liquid levothyroxine (ef-LT4) formulation may be less effective than the ethanol-containing version (e-LT4). Studies show increased TSH and decreased fT4 levels over time when switching to ef-LT4.

Keywords:
EthanolHypothyroidismLevothyroxineLiquid levothyroxine

More Related Videos

Microfluidic Production of Lysolipid-Containing Temperature-Sensitive Liposomes
09:51

Microfluidic Production of Lysolipid-Containing Temperature-Sensitive Liposomes

Published on: March 3, 2020

8.9K
Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
04:14

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Published on: October 6, 2023

746

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2025

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
05:12

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

3.5K
Microfluidic Production of Lysolipid-Containing Temperature-Sensitive Liposomes
09:51

Microfluidic Production of Lysolipid-Containing Temperature-Sensitive Liposomes

Published on: March 3, 2020

8.9K
Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
04:14

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Published on: October 6, 2023

746

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Thyroidology

Background:

  • Liquid ethanol-containing levothyroxine (e-LT4) is established for managing malabsorption.
  • A new ethanol-free liquid levothyroxine (ef-LT4) formulation is now available.
  • No direct comparisons between e-LT4 and ef-LT4 have been published.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the thyroid hormone profiles of patients treated with e-LT4 versus ef-LT4.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of ef-LT4 in maintaining thyroid hormone balance.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 48 hypothyroid patients.
  • Patients were on stable e-LT4 treatment for at least one year.
  • Data collected before and after switching to ef-LT4 due to taste preference.

Main Results:

  • Switching to ef-LT4 led to a significant increase in TSH levels at 6 and 12 months.
  • Free T4 (fT4) levels significantly decreased after switching to ef-LT4.
  • These changes occurred while maintaining the same levothyroxine dosage.

Conclusions:

  • The ef-LT4 formulation appears less effective than e-LT4 over time.
  • Further prospective studies with larger patient cohorts are necessary.
  • Investigating ef-LT4 efficacy in patients with interfering medications is recommended.