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Evolutionary History and Rhizosphere Microbial Community Composition in Domesticated Hops (Humulus lupulus L.).

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Hop domestication reveals four distinct subpopulations, including a newly identified "Nobles" group. US hop cultivars show superior growth and nitrogen use, with unique soil microbial communities, reflecting their evolutionary history.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics and evolution
  • Agricultural science
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Humulus lupulus L. (hop) is a globally cultivated perennial crop with significant brewing, commercial, and pharmacological applications.
  • Over 250 hop cultivars exist, shaped by intense artificial selection for traits like bitter acids, flavor, aroma, photoperiod response, growth, and pest resistance.
  • Previous research focused on cultivar differentiation, but the evolutionary history and associated rhizospheric microbial communities remain underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the global population structure and domestication history of 98 hop cultivars.
  • To analyze differences in growth, viral infection rates, nitrogen utilization, and soil microbial communities between US and non-US cultivars.
  • To integrate phenotypic, genomic, and soil metagenomic data for a comprehensive understanding of hop diversity.

Main Methods:

  • Collected phenotypic data (growth rates, viral infection, nitrogen usage) and genomic data from 98 hop cultivars.
  • Performed soil metagenomic analysis to characterize rhizospheric microbial communities.
  • Employed population genetics and phylogenetic modeling to reconstruct evolutionary history and population structure.

Main Results:

  • Identified four global hop subpopulations: Central European, English, American, and a newly discovered 'Nobles' group, indicating further substructure within Central European cultivars.
  • Reconstructed hop evolutionary history, with common ancestors of US cultivars diverging approximately 2800 years before present, and subsequent gene flow among European and Noble cultivars.
  • US-origin cultivars demonstrated superior growth rates and nitrogen utilization, alongside distinct soil microbial compositions compared to non-US cultivars in common-garden trials.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the complex population structure and evolutionary trajectory of domesticated hop, highlighting distinct lineages and historical gene flow.
  • US hop cultivars exhibit enhanced agronomic performance and unique microbial associations, suggesting adaptation and selection pressures.
  • Findings provide valuable insights for hop breeding programs and understanding plant-microbe interactions in agricultural systems.