Expert Opinion on the Use of Probiotics in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) involves multiple consecutive miscarriages in early pregnancy, affecting a significant number of Indian women and placing substantial physical and emotional stress on expecting couples. This expert consensus aims to highlight probiotics as a promising option for enhancing fertility and supporting successful pregnancy outcomes, offering hope to individuals and couples affected by RPL. A group of fourteen experts with diverse expertise in gynecology, obstetrics, and fertility from across India gathered between June 29 and June 30, 2024. According to the experts, advanced maternal age emerges as an independent risk factor for miscarriage, with increased risks among older Indian women. The major contributors to RPL include thyroid disease and polycystic ovarian disease. Experts emphasize that the vaginal microbiome dysbiosis, characterized by the reduced dominance of Lactobacilli, is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome, such as preterm birth, early pregnancy loss, and increased events of RPL. Oral probiotic supplementation, particularly strains like L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus, may improve embryo implantation, reduce miscarriage risk, and support pregnancy maintenance. A healthy lifestyle choice and minimal use of antibiotics are important in creating a positive reproductive outcome. The present expert opinion supports the potential benefits of probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus species, in managing RPL and improving reproductive outcomes. By promoting a balanced microbiota, reducing inflammation, and modulating immune responses, probiotics may play a critical role in enhancing reproductive success.