New Technology in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: Application of Navigation System, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence,...

In the dynamic field of urology, percutaneous nephrolithotomy is the gold standard procedure for treating large kidney stones and has greatly benefitted from technological advancements that improve its safety and efficacy. This review highlights significant innovations in percutaneous nephrolithotomy including integrated navigation systems, robotics, artificial intelligence, and suction access sheaths, each collectively providing greater precision and improved patient outcomes. Three-dimensional navigation systems offer unparalleled anatomical insights, facilitate more accurate targeting, and reduce intraoperative complications, as evidenced by studies demonstrating higher success rates and shorter operation times. Robotic advancements can further refine percutaneous nephrolithotomy by offering superior control and accuracy. Emerging technologies such as the automated needle targeting with X-ray and MONARCH platforms show the potential to reduce radiation exposure and improve procedural efficiency. Additionally, artificial intelligence in percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a novel tool for preoperative planning and outcome prediction, which can enhance decision-making and potentially lead to customized treatment strategies. Suction access sheaths represent another important innovation that facilitates stone removal and reduces the risk of postoperative complications. Integration of these technologies can improve how urologists perform percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and it highlights the benefit of ongoing research and development in the evolving field of kidney stone surgery. Through a comprehensive analysis of peer-reviewed studies, this manuscript delves into the advancements of the last 5 years, underscoring the transformative impact of these innovations on percutaneous nephrolithotomy and setting the stage for future developments in this critical field of urology.