The Ultrastructure and Composition of Bovine Spermatozoa

This chapter provides a cytological and compositional evaluation of the various compartments and sub-compartments making up the bull spermatozoon. The intention is to define the sperm head and tail compartments from an ultrastructural perspective and attribute to them their protein constituents gathered from both traditional and modern proteomic approaches. Common to both approaches, the compositional analysis is dependent on the fractionation and isolation of the sperm compartments combined with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and Western blotting to detect the identities of the proteins, and immunocytochemistry to confirm their residency. As will be appreciated, the identity of a particular sperm protein together with its residency provide valuable insights not only into its role, but also to the role of the specific sperm compartment it occupies, in development and/or fertilization. Attention is also given in this chapter to the consequences (on sperm structure and fertility) of inactivating genes that play key roles in sperm formation, especially if their phenotypes appear to match common bull sperm abnormalities. The keywords below cover the sperm head and tail compartments addressed in this chapter.