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Taxonomy of Cooperation and Reciprocity: Beyond Interdisciplinary Social Science Imperialism.

Elias L Khalil1

  • 1School of Economics, Administration and Public Policy, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, Doha, Qatar. elias.lafi.khalil@gmail.com.

Integrative Psychological & Behavioral Science
|April 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals cooperation and reciprocity are distinct types, proposing a ten-type taxonomy. This framework offers a transdisciplinary platform to unify social sciences, avoiding disciplinary imperialism.

Keywords:
AllegianceAltruismBeneficenceCultural Norms (anthropology)Divided-Psyche (psychology)Efficiency (economics)Formal Obligations (justice)GiftsGrantsHegemonyInformal Obligations (repayment of favors)Intertemporal AllocationPhilanthropyPower (political science)Quid pro QuoSocial Roles (sociology)Substantive, Integrity, and Transcendental Satisfactions

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Area of Science:

  • Social Sciences
  • Interdisciplinary Studies

Background:

  • Existing literature acknowledges diverse forms of cooperation and reciprocity.
  • These forms are often treated as distinct types, yet the terms 'cooperation' and 'reciprocity' are frequently used as portmanteaus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel taxonomy of ten distinct types of cooperation and reciprocity.
  • To identify 'beneficence' as a common element across all types.
  • To analyze interdisciplinary approaches and propose a transdisciplinary solution.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a ten-type taxonomy of cooperation/reciprocity: quid pro quo, intertemporal allocation, altruism, formal obligations (justice), informal obligations (repayment of favors), gifts, allegiance, hegemony, grants, and philanthropy.
  • Analysis of the common element of 'beneficence' (promotion of the good, free from opportunism, self-aggrandizement, and malevolence).
  • Examination of how five disciplines (anthropology, economics, political science, sociology, psychology) study cooperation/reciprocity and their tendencies towards 'interdisciplinary social science imperialism.'

Main Results:

  • A taxonomy of ten distinct types of cooperation and reciprocity is proposed.
  • Beneficence is identified as a universal characteristic of all ten types.
  • Each social science discipline tends to interpret other types of cooperation/reciprocity through its own disciplinary lens, termed 'interdisciplinary social science imperialism.'

Conclusions:

  • The proposed ten-type taxonomy provides a framework for a transdisciplinary platform.
  • This platform can help researchers avoid interdisciplinary imperialism.
  • The taxonomy facilitates the unification of social sciences by offering an impartial perspective on cooperation and reciprocity.