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Updated: May 10, 2025

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Relative DOA estimation method for UAV swarm based on phase difference information without fixed anchors.

Yi Han1, Jingjing Zhang2,3, Jinglin Luo4

  • 1School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Equipment, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, 518172, China.

Scientific Reports
|April 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an Ultra-wide Bandwidth (UWB) method for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms to estimate direction of arrival (DOA) without GPS. The genetic algorithm (GA)-UWB approach enhances accuracy in challenging environments.

Keywords:
All-directional DOA EstimationGNSS-denied environmentNo base stationUAV swarm

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Area of Science:

  • Robotics and Control Systems
  • Signal Processing
  • Navigation and Positioning

Background:

  • Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms require robust relative navigation in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-denied environments.
  • Existing methods often rely on fixed infrastructure or lack precision in inter-aircraft direction of arrival (DOA) estimation.
  • The absence of reliable positioning challenges coordinated swarm operations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel method for inter-aircraft DOA estimation in UAV swarms operating without GNSS.
  • To enable each UAV to function as a mobile base station for enhanced positioning.
  • To improve the accuracy and success rate of relative DOA estimation under noisy conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Proposed an Ultra-wide Bandwidth (UWB) based system where UAVs act as both transmitters and receivers.
  • Derived a theoretical framework for all-directional DOA estimation utilizing a regular tetrahedral array.
  • Employed a genetic algorithm (GA) to resolve phase ambiguities using phase difference information.

Main Results:

  • The proposed GA-UWB algorithm demonstrated superior performance compared to the Wide-Phase UWB (WP-UWB) method.
  • Simulations confirmed the effectiveness of the UWB-based approach in GNSS-denied scenarios.
  • The algorithm achieved a higher success rate, especially when accounting for noise in time and phase difference measurements.

Conclusions:

  • The UWB-based method with GA-based phase ambiguity resolution offers a viable solution for inter-aircraft DOA estimation in UAV swarms.
  • This approach enhances swarm navigation capabilities in environments where GNSS is unavailable.
  • The method shows promise for improving the reliability and accuracy of cooperative UAV operations.