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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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Updated: May 10, 2025

Plasmid Stability Analysis with Open-Source Droplet Microfluidics
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Unveiling plasmid diversity and functionality in pristine groundwater.

Olga María Pérez-Carrascal1,2, Akbar Adjie Pratama3,4,5, Matthew B Sullivan5,6,7,8

  • 1Aquatic Geomicrobiology, Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany. olga.perez.carrascal@gmail.com.

Environmental Microbiome
|April 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plasmids in groundwater are diverse and linked to unique microbial communities, carrying genes for metabolism but not antibiotic resistance. Preserving pristine groundwater is key to its genetic integrity.

Keywords:
GroundwaterMetagenomicsMicrobiomePlasmids

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Plasmids are crucial for genetic diversity but their role in continental subsurface microbial reservoirs is unknown.
  • Groundwater represents a significant, yet understudied, microbial reservoir.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the genetic and functional diversity of plasmids in a hillslope aquifer system.
  • To evaluate the role of plasmids in horizontal gene transfer (HGT) within this environment.

Main Methods:

  • Metagenomic analysis of 32 samples from six groundwater wells.
  • Identification and classification of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), focusing on plasmids.
  • Functional analysis of plasmid-borne genes and correlation with microbial communities.

Main Results:

  • Identified 664 plasmids, showing well-specific populations with limited sharing across sites.
  • Plasmids were associated with diverse microbial phyla, including Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria.
  • Conjugative plasmids contained genes for metabolism (e.g., cobalamin biosynthesis, hydrocarbon degradation).
  • No high-confidence emerging antibiotic resistance genes were detected, unlike in polluted environments.

Conclusions:

  • Groundwater plasmids exhibit significant diversity and play a role in microbial community eco-evolution.
  • The absence of antibiotic resistance genes underscores the importance of conserving pristine groundwater ecosystems.