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Promising Practices of Out-of-School Time Programs for Low-Income Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Rebecca S Levine1, Samantha Viano2
1Department of Education Studies, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
Journal of Adolescence
|April 25, 2025
Summary
Effective out-of-school time (OST) programs for low-income youth prioritize skilled staffing, community partnerships, and accessible recruitment. Engagement strategies focus on agency, belonging, and safety to foster positive youth development (PYD).
Area of Science:
- Adolescent Development
- Program Evaluation
- Educational Equity
Background:
- Out-of-school time (OST) programs positively impact youth academic and social-emotional outcomes.
- Significant inequities exist in OST program accessibility and quality, disproportionately affecting low-income adolescents.
- This study synthesizes research to identify effective practices in OST programs for underserved youth.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify promising practices in staffing, participant recruitment, and engagement for OST programs serving low-income adolescents.
- To emphasize approaches that foster positive youth development (PYD) in OST settings.
- To contribute to knowledge promoting equity and positive development for underserved youth.
Main Methods:
- A systematic literature review adhering to PRISMA guidelines was conducted.
- Searches included three academic databases and supplementary sources.
- 118 studies on 100 OST programs serving adolescents (11-18 years) were analyzed.
Main Results:
- Effective staffing requires strong leadership, professional development, and community ties.
- Successful recruitment involves trusted relationships, clear benefit communication, barrier reduction (transportation, cost), and accessible locations.
- Seven key engagement strategies—agency, relevance, competence, belonging, exposure, safety, and wellness—align with PYD principles.
Conclusions:
- Illuminating the "how" of OST program success is crucial for promoting equity.
- Practices fostering PYD are vital for underserved adolescents.
- Further research is needed to refine strategies for diverse adolescent populations.
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