Advancements in Metal Complexation of Pyridine Derivatives (2022-2024): A Pathway to Enhanced Anticancer Potency

Cancer remains a major global health challenge, necessitating innovative therapies that selectively target cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues. Pyridine and its derivatives have gained prominence in medicinal chemistry for their structural diversity and biological activity. However, their therapeutic potential is often hindered by low bioavailability, poor solubility, and rapid metabolism. Metal complexation has emerged as a promising solution, with pyridine nitrogen serving as an excellent coordination site for transition metals. These pyridinemetal complexes enhance stability, bioavailability, and anticancer properties, exhibiting potent cytotoxicity through mechanisms like ROS generation, DNA intercalation, and apoptosis induction. This review highlights the latest progress (2022-2024) in the field, emphasizing the structural modifications, and mechanistic insights that have propelled pyridine-metal complexes as potent anticancer agents. Special attention is given to the role of metal complexation in enhancing the anticancer potency of pyridine derivatives, with examples of preclinical studies showing their efficacy against various cancer types. The findings emphasize the potential of pyridine-metal complexes as a transformative approach in oncology, bridging the gap between innovative chemical design and impactful therapeutic applications.