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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Bioprinting Cellularized Constructs Using a Tissue-specific Hydrogel Bioink

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Published on: April 21, 2016

Hydrogel-Based Biointerfaces: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions in Human-Machine Integration.

Aziz Ullah^1,2, Do Youn Kim¹, Sung In Lim²

¹Major of Human Bioconvergence, Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.

Gels (Basel, Switzerland)

|April 25, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrogels are advanced materials revolutionizing human-machine interfaces (HMI) in healthcare and electronics. Their unique properties enable seamless integration for enhanced biocompatibility and functionality in wearable devices and robotics.

Keywords:

biocompatible materials conductive hydrogels human–machine interfacing hydrogels neural interfaces wearable electronics

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Biomedical Engineering
Robotics

Background:

Human-machine interfacing (HMI) is crucial in healthcare, robotics, and wearable electronics.
Hydrogels offer unique advantages as multifunctional materials for connecting biological systems and electronic devices.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in hydrogel design for HMI applications.
To explore hydrogel properties, fabrication techniques, and polymer compositions.
To analyze regulatory, patent, and application landscapes, alongside challenges and future perspectives.

Main Methods:

Examination of hydrogel properties: biocompatibility, mechanical flexibility, and responsiveness.
Highlighting innovations in conductive hydrogels, hybrid/composite materials, and 3D/4D printing.
Review of polymer classes, regulatory landscape, patent analysis, and application domains.

Main Results:

Hydrogels exhibit essential characteristics for biological integration.
Advanced fabrication techniques and diverse polymer compositions enhance hydrogel performance.
Significant potential in wearable electronics, neural interfaces, soft robotics, and haptic systems.

Conclusions:

Hydrogels are transformative materials for advanced HMI applications.
Continued research is needed to address challenges in stability, biocompatibility, and scalability.
Future evolution of hydrogel systems promises further innovation in human-machine interaction technologies.